Disinformation Intervention Model

Disinformation adapts. Consequences evolve. Paradigms shift. Next-generation interventions emerge.

Read the 2026 Manifesto

The Decade of Disinformation

Scroll through the events that shaped our understanding of information warfare - and the interventions that emerged in response.

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2014
GEN 1 Emerges

The Awakening

Crimea & Hybrid Warfare

Russia's annexation combined military action with sophisticated information operations. The West had no playbook.

ISIS Online Recruitment

Terrorist organizations mastered social media for radicalization and recruitment.

MH17 Shootdown

Competing narratives emerged instantly. Truth became a battlefield.

The Response
Strategic Communication

If adversaries spread propaganda, counter with truth. Governments established StratCom units and funded independent journalism.

2016
GEN 2 Emerges

The Election Shock

US Election Interference

Russian troll farms, leaked emails, and viral misinformation. "Fake news" entered the mainstream vocabulary.

The Response
Debunking & Fact-Checking

Verify claims, label them true or false, trust people will update their beliefs. Platforms partnered with fact-checkers at scale.

2018
GEN 3 Emerges

The Data Scandal

Cambridge Analytica

Psychological profiling meets political manipulation. The scale of data exploitation was revealed.

The Response
Prebunking & Inoculation

Instead of correcting falsehoods, teach people to recognize manipulation techniques. Games like Bad News were born.

DROG Creates Bad News
2020
GEN 4 Emerges

The Infodemic

COVID-19 Infodemic

Misinformation became a public health crisis. Anti-vax content, miracle cures, and conspiracy theories spread faster than the virus.

The Response
Platform Moderation

Deplatform, derank, demonetize. The EU's Digital Services Act emerged. Content moderation became serious business.

DROG Launches Go Viral!
2021
Moderation Tested

The Insurrection

January 6th Capitol Attack

Online conspiracy theories manifested as real-world violence. The stakes of disinformation became undeniable.

The Lesson
Moderation Has Limits

Deplatforming came too late. Users migrated to alternative platforms. The fundamental question emerged: who decides what's true?

2022
GEN 5 Emerges

The Platform Shift

Ukraine War Disinformation

Real-time information warfare. Competing narratives from day one. OSINT communities emerged as truth-seekers.

Musk Acquires Twitter

A philosophical shift in platform governance. Content moderation policies thrown into chaos.

The Response
Interaction & Deliberation

Focus shifts from content to connection. Deep canvassing, street epistemology. People change minds through conversation.

2023
The AI Inflection

The AI Explosion

ChatGPT & Generative AI

AI goes mainstream. The cost of creating convincing content drops to near zero.

Twitter Becomes X

Continued retreat from traditional content moderation. Community Notes as the new model.

Israel-Hamas Information War

Parallel information realities form instantly. Different communities see entirely different "facts."

2024
The Stress Test

The Global Election Year

50+ Countries Vote

US, EU, India, and dozens more. The biggest test of information integrity in history.

DSA Enforcement Begins

Europe's Digital Services Act goes into full effect. New obligations for platforms.

Deepfake Explosion

Synthetic media becomes indistinguishable from reality. Audio, video, images - all fakeable.

2025
GEN 6 Emerges

No One Is Coming

Meta Drops Fact-Checking

The largest platform abandons third-party verification. Community Notes becomes the only model.

Government Disinformation

Official channels spread contested claims. Fact-checkers labeled as enemies. The state is no longer the anchor.

Platform Exodus

Users scatter across platforms. No single town square. Fragmented information ecosystems.

The New Paradigm
Collective Sensemaking

No cavalry is coming. Communities must build their own capacity for distributed verification, local deliberation, and shared coordination.

Disinformation adapts. Consequences evolve. Paradigms shift.

The question is no longer "who has the answers?"

It's "how do we build the capacity to navigate uncertainty together?"

The Problem with Interventions

Exceptions, Not Examples

Gullible individuals do exist; they are exceptions not examples

Most people aren't fooled by obvious disinformation. The challenge is more nuanced.

No Identical Patterns

There are no identical patterns

No disinformation campaign is created equal. Campaigns differ over time, spatially, and tactically.

No Silver Bullets

There are no silver bullets

No single intervention works for all contexts. The dynamic context is crucially important.

Six Generations of Interventions

From information campaigns to collective sensemaking

1
Since 2014

Strategic Communication

Problem Foreign interference
Deficit Model Communication

Crimea shocked the West into awareness. If adversaries spread propaganda, counter with truth. If citizens are confused, inform them.

2
Since 2016

Debunking

Problem Truth decay
Deficit Model Verified information

The 2016 elections revealed viral misinformation. If false claims were spreading, verify them, label them, and trust people will update their beliefs.

3
Since 2018

Prebunking

Problem Manipulation of domestic vulnerabilities
Deficit Model Rationality

By letting potential receivers experience how disinformation is created and spread, they are getting inoculated.

4
Since 2020

Moderation

Problem Internal actors & health risks
Deficit Model Gatekeeping

COVID + political violence demanded action. Deplatform, derank, demonetize. Few producers: obstruct them, problem shrinks.

5
Since 2022

Interaction

Problem Societal alienation
Deficit Model Social interactions

Disinfo thrives in alienated, left-behind communities. People change minds through interaction, not broadcasts. Create safety, autonomy, belonging.

6
Since 2025

Collective Sensemaking

Problem No external anchor
Approach Distributed verification

No authority has the answer. Communities must develop their own capacity for collective sensemaking and coordinate responses together.

The Three Shifts

The foundations of external authority have collapsed. Three simultaneous shifts demand a new approach.

AI & Synthetic Content

Post-ChatGPT explosion of 2023. Deepfakes flooded the 2024 elections. Cost of disinformation production: near zero. Verification by individuals: nearly impossible.

Government as Disinfo Source

From Ukraine to domestic politics, official channels now spread contested claims. Fact-checkers labeled as enemies. The state is no longer the anchor.

Platform Collapse

Meta drops fact-checking (Jan 2025). X abandoned moderation. No platform will save us. Users must organize themselves.

Every previous generation assumed someone else would solve it. That assumption was always flawed.

The Path Forward

Each generation was built on a flawed assumption - that some authority could solve the problem

GEN 1 assumed people lacked Information
GEN 2 assumed people lacked Facts
GEN 3 assumed people lacked Rationality
GEN 4 assumed people lacked Protection
GEN 5 assumed people lacked Connection
GEN 6 reveals we lack Coordination Capacity

The Challenge Ahead

Distributed verification - communities that can check for themselves
Local deliberation - spaces for collective sensemaking
Shared coordination - protocols to navigate uncertainty together

No One Is Coming To Save Us

Disinformation adapts. Consequences evolve. Paradigms shift. The question is no longer "who has the answers?" but "how do we build the capacity to navigate uncertainty together?"

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